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A majority of cancers showed weak to moderate positivity. Cases of liver, colorectal and female genital cancers displayed strong positivity. Malignant gliomas were negative.
Colorectal, breast and pancreatic cancers as well as several prostate, ovarian, urothelial and gastric cancers showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic staining. Most of the remaining malignancies were weakly stained or negative.
This gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. Chemokines are a superfamily of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The superfamily is divided into four subfamilies based on the arrangement of N-terminal cysteine residues of the mature peptide. This chemokine is a member of the CC subfamily which is characterized by two adjacent cysteine residues. This cytokine displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not for neutrophils or eosinophils. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. It binds to chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]